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DiarrheaAtropine decreases gastrointestinal motility, which can cause constipation rather than diarrhea. Diarrhea would be inconsistent with its anticholinergic action.

BradycardiaAlthough a very low dose of atropine may briefly lower heart rate due to paradoxical central effects, its primary clinical use is to treat bradycardia by increasing heart rate via vagal inhibition.

Frequent urinationUrinary retention is more likely than frequent urination with atropine due to decreased bladder muscle tone. Patients may have difficulty initiating urination, not increased frequency.

Paralytic ileusBenztropine is contraindicated in patients with paralytic ileus due to its anticholinergic properties, which reduce GI motility and may worsen the condition.

Motion sicknessAlthough anticholinergics like scopolamine are used for motion sickness, benztropine is not indicated for this use. It is more targeted toward extrapyramidal symptoms and Parkinsonian syndromes.

Urinary retentionBenztropine may actually worsen urinary retention due to its anticholinergic effects, which relax the detrusor muscle and can impede bladder emptying.

MydriasisWhile anticholinergics may cause pupil dilation as a side effect, dicyclomine is not prescribed for mydriasis. Medications used for diagnostic pupil dilation include agents like tropicamide or atropine eye drops.

ConstipationDicyclomine can actually contribute to constipation as a side effect due to its anticholinergic action, which slows gastrointestinal motility. It is not used to treat constipation but may worsen it.

Urinary retention
Anticholinergics may cause urinary retention, particularly in older adults or those with prostatic hypertrophy. Dicyclomine is not used to treat urinary retention; in fact, it is used cautiously in patients at risk for this condition.

DopamineDopamine is a catecholamine involved primarily in the central nervous system and sympathetic responses, not in parasympathetic neurotransmission.

CholinesteraseCholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. It is not a neurotransmitter and is not mimicked by cholinergic drugs.

Monoamine oxidaseMonoamine oxidase is an enzyme involved in breaking down monoamines like serotonin and norepinephrine. It plays no role in parasympathetic neurotransmission.

Increased heart rateCholinergic agonists tend to decrease heart rate due to enhanced vagal (parasympathetic) tone rather than increase it.

Decreased peristalsisCholinergic stimulation increases gastrointestinal motility and tone, promoting peristalsis rather than reducing it.

Decreased salivation
Bethanechol increases salivation by stimulating muscarinic receptors, which promote glandular secretions, not inhibit them.